Everything about Kabul totally explained
Kābul (
IPA: [kə'bʊl]) is the
capital and largest city of
Afghanistan, with an estimated population of approximately three million. It is an economic and cultural centre, situated 5,900
feet (1,800 m) above-sea-level in a narrow valley, wedged between the
Hindu Kush mountains along the
Kabul River. Kabul is linked with
Ghazni,
Kandahar,
Herat and
Mazar-e Sharif via a long
beltway (circular highway) that stretches across the country. It is also linked by highways with
Pakistan to the southeast and
Tajikistan to the north.
Kabul's main products include
munitions,
cloth,
furniture, and
beet sugar, but, since 1978, a state of nearly continuous war has limited the economic productivity of the city.
Kabul is over 3,000 years old. Many empires have long fought over the city, due to its strategic location along the trade routes of
Southern and
Central Asia. In 1504,
Babur captured Kabul and used it as his
headquarters until 1526, before his conquest of India. In 1776,
Timur Shah Durrani made it the capital of modern Afghanistan. The population of the city is predominantly
Persian-speaking.
History
The city of Kabul is thought to have been established between 2000
BCE and 1500 BCE. In the
Rig Veda (composed between 1700–1100 BCE) the word "
Kubhā" is mentioned, which appears to refer to the
Kabul River. There is a reference to a settlement called Kabura by the
Persian Achaemenids around 400 BCE which may be the basis for the use of the name Kabura by
Ptolemy.
Alexander the Great conquered Kabul during his conquest of the Persian Empire. The city later became part of the
Seleucid Empire before becoming part of the
Mauryan Empire. The
Bactrians founded the town of
Paropamisadae near Kabul, but it was later ceded to the Mauryans in the 1st century BCE.
According to many noted scholars, the
Sanskrit name of Kabul is
Kamboj. It is mentioned as
Kophes or
Kophene in the
classical writings.
Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency 1904 maintains that the ancient name of Kabul was
Kambojapura, which
Ptolemy (160
CE) mentions as
Kaboura (from
Ka(m)bo(j)pura?).
Hiuen Tsang refers to the name as
Kaofu, which according to Dr. J. W. McCrindle, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr. B. C. Law, Dr. R. K. Mukkerji, N. L. Dey and many other scholars, is equivalent to
Sanskrit Kamboja (
Kamboj/Kambuj).
Kaofu was also the
appellation of one of the five tribes of the
Yuechi who had migrated from across the
Hindukush into Kabul valley around
Christian era . According to some scholars, the fifth clan mentioned among the Tochari/Yuechi may have been a clan of the
Kambojas
The
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom captured Kabul from the Mauryans in the early 2nd century BCE, then lost the city to their subordinates in the
Indo-Greek Kingdom in the mid 2nd century BCE.
Indo-Scythians expelled the Indo-Greeks by the mid 1st century BCE, but lost the city to the
Kushan Empire nearly 100 years later. It was conquered by Kushan Emperor
Kujula Kadphises in the early 1st century CE and remained Kushan territory until at least the 3rd century CE. Kabul was one of the two capital cities of Kushans.
Around 230 CE the Kushans were defeated by the
Sassanid Empire and were replaced by Sassanid vassals known as the
Kushanshas or
Indo-Sassanids. In 420 CE the
Kushanshahs (Kushan kings) were driven out of Afghanistan by the
Chionites tribe known as the
Kidarites, who were then replaced in the 460s by the
Hephthalites. The Hephthalites were defeated in 565 CE by a coalition of Persian and Turkish armies, and most of the realm fell to those Empires. Kabul became part of the surviving
Kushano-Hephthalite Kingdom of
Kapisa, who were also known as Kabul-Shahan. The rulers of Kabul-Shahan built a huge defensive wall around the city to protect it from invaders. This wall has survived until today and is considered a historical site. Around 670 CE the Kushano-Hephthalites were replaced by the
Shahi or
Hindu-Shahi dynasty.
Islamic conquest
In 674, the
Islamic invasions reached modern-day Afghanistan and occupied Kabul. However, it wasn't until the 9th century when
Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, a coppersmith turned ruler, established
Islam in
Kabulistan. Over the remaining centuries to come the city was successively controlled by the
Samanids,
Ghaznavids,
Ghorids,
Timurids,
Mughols,
Durranis, and finally by the
Barakzais.
In the 13th century the
Mongol horde passed through. In the 14th century, Kabul rose again as a trading center under the kingdom of
Timur-Lung (
Tamerlane), who married the sister of Kabul's ruler at the time. But as Timurid power waned, the city was captured in 1504 by
Babur and made into his headquarters.
Haidar, an
Indian poet who visited at the time wrote "Dine and drink in Kabul: it's mountain, desert, city, river and all else."
Modern history
Nadir Shah of Persia captured the city in 1738 but was assassinated nine years later.
Ahmad Shah Durrani, an Afghan military commander and personal bodyguard of Nader, took the throne in 1747, asserted
Pashtun rule and further expanded his new
Afghan Empire. His son
Timur Shah Durrani, after inheriting power, transferred the capital of Afghanistan from
Kandahar to Kabul in 1776. Timur Shah died in 1793 and was succeeded by his son
Zaman Shah Durrani.
In 1826, the kingdom was claimed by
Dost Mohammed and taken from him by the
British Indian Army in 1839 (see
Afghan Wars), who installed the unpopular puppet
Shah Shuja. An 1841 local uprising resulted in the loss of the British mission and the subsequent
Massacre of Elphinstone's army of approximately 16,000 people, which included civilians and
camp followers on their retreat from Kabul to
Jalalabad. In 1842 the British returned, plundering
Bala Hissar in revenge before retreating back to
India. Dost Mohammed returned to the throne.
The British invaded in 1878 as Kabul was under
Sher Ali Khan's rule, but the British residents were again massacred. The invaders again came in 1879 under
General Roberts, partially destroying Bala Hissar before retreating to India.
Amir Abdur Rahman was left in control of the country.
In the early 20th century, King
Amanullah Khan rose to power. His reforms included electricity for the city and schooling for girls. He drove a
Rolls Royce, and lived in the famous
Darul Aman Palace. In 1919, after the Third Anglo-Afghan War, Amanullah announced Afghanistan's independence from
foreign interventions at
Eidgah Mosque. In 1929, Ammanullah Khan left Kabul due to a local uprise and his brother
Nader Khan took control. King Nader Khan was assassinated in 1933 and his 19 year-old son,
Zahir Shah, became the long lasting
King of Afghanistan.
Kabul University opened for classes in early 1930s, and in 1940s, the city began to grow as an industrial center. The streets of the city began being paved in the 1950s.
In the 1960s, Kabul developed a cosmopolitan mood. The first
Marks and Spencer store in
Central Asia was built there.
Kabul Zoo was inaugurated in 1967, which was maintained with the help of visiting
German Zoologists.
In 1969, a religious uprising at the
Pul-e Khishti Mosque protested the Soviet Union's increasing influence over Afghan politics and
religion. This protest ended in the arrest of many of its organizers including
Mawlana Faizani, a popular Islamic scholar.
In July 1973, Zahir Shah was ousted in a bloodless coup and Kabul became the capital of a republic under
Mohammad Daoud Khan, the new President.
In 1975 an east-west electric trolley-bus system provided public transportation across the city. The system was built with assistance from
Czechoslovakia.
After the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, on
December 24,
1979, the
Red Army occupied the capital. They turned the city into their command center during the 10-year conflict between the Soviet-allied government and the
Mujahideen rebels. The American
Embassy in Kabul closed on
January 30,
1989. The city fell into the hands of local
militias after the 1992 collapse of
Mohammad Najibullah's pro-communist government. As these forces divided into warring factions, the city increasingly suffered. In December, the last of the 86 city trolley buses came to a halt due to the conflict. A system of 800 public buses continued to provide transportation services to the city.
By 1993 electricity and water in the city was completely out. At this time,
Burhannudin Rabbani's militia (
Jamiat-e Islami) held power but the nominal prime minister
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's
Hezb-e Islami began shelling the city, which lasted until 1996. Kabul was factionalised, and fighting continued between Jamiat-e Islami,
Abdul Rashid Dostum and the
Hezbi Wahdat. Tens of thousands of civilians were killed and many more fled as
refugees. The
United Nations estimated that about 90% of the buildings in Kabul were destroyed during these years.
Kabul was captured by the
Taliban in September of 1996, publicly lynching ex-President
Najibullah and his brother. During this time, all the fighting between different militias came to an end. Burhannudin Rabbani, Gulbuddin Heckmatyar, Abdul Rashid Dostum,
Ahmad Shah Massoud, and the rest all fled the city.
Approximately five years later, in October 2001, the
United States invaded Afghanistan. The Taliban abandoned Kabul in the following months due to extensive American bombing, while the
Afghan Northern Alliance (former mujahideen or millias) came to retake control of the city. On
December 20,
2001, Kabul became the capital of the
Afghan Transitional Administration, which transformed to the present
government of Afghanistan that's led by US-backed President
Hamid Karzai.
Since the beginning of 2003, the city is slowly developing with the help of foreign investment. Security is also improving by the year, despite the occasional attacks on government forces.
Climate
Administration
Kabul City is one of the 15 districts of
Kabul Province, and is divided into 18
sectors. Each sector covers several neighborhoods of the city. The number of Kabul's sectors were increased from 11 to 18 in 2005.
Unlike other cities of the world, Kabul City has two independent councils or administrations at once:
Prefecture and
Municipality. The
Prefect who is also the
Governor of Kabul Province is appointed by the
Ministry of Interior, and is responsible for the administrative and formal issues of the entire province. The
Mayor of Kabul City is selected by the
President of Afghanistan, who engages in the city's planning and environmental work.
The police and security forces belong to the prefecture and Ministry of Interior. The Chief of Police is selected by the Minister of Interior and is responsible for law enforcement and security of the city.
- Areas of Kabul City
- Shahr-e Naw (New City)
- Wazir Akbar Khan
- Macro Ryans (1, 2, 3 and 4)
- Khair Khana (1, 2 and 3)
- Dashti Barchi
- Kartey Sakhi
- Qalai Wazir
- Khushhall Khan
- Afshar
- Klola Pushta and Taimani
- Kartey Parwan
- Kartey Naw (New Quarter)
- Kartey (3 & 4)
- Darul-Aman
- Chehlstoon
- Chendawol
- Shahr-e Kohna (Old City of Kabul)
- Deh Buri
- Bibi Mahroo
Demographics
Kabul has a population between 2.5 to approximately 3 million people. The population of the city reflects the general multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, and multi-confessional characteristics of Afghanistan. According to the 2005
United Nations estimate, the population of Kabul City reached 2,994,000, while according to the 2006 estimates from the
Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan, the city's population is only 2,536,300.
Persian-speakers form the majority of the city's population, with the predominately
Sunnite Tajiks being the largest group, followed by
Shi'ite Hazaras. There is also a large number of
Pashtuns and some of them are already persianized.
Pashto-speakers, also Sunnites, form the most important minority, followed by the
Turkic-speaking Uzbeks. There are also sizable numbers of
Aimak,
Baloch,
Pashai, as well as
Sikhs and
Hindus who speak their native language as their mother tongue and Persian as the native language of Kabul.
Transport
Kabul International Airport serves the population of the city as a method of traveling to other cities or countries. The airport is a hub to
Ariana Afghan Airlines, which is the national airlines carrier of Afghanistan. However, airlines from other nations also use the airport to arrive and depart. A new $35 million dollar terminal for international flight passengers, near the old terminal, is under construction and will be completed by 2008.
Kabul has its own public buses (Millie Bus) that take
commuters on daily routes to many destinations throughout the city. The service currently has approximately 800 buses but is gradually expanding and upgrading with more buses being added. Plans are underway to re-introduce the modern
electric buses that the city once had. Besides the buses, there are yellow
taxicabs that can be spotted just about anywhere in and around the city.
Private vehicles are also on the rise in Kabul, with
Land Rover,
BMW,
Toyota,
Nissan and
Hyundai dealerships in the city. More people are buying new cars as the roads and highways are being improved. The average car driven in Kabul is a
Toyota Corolla. With the exception of motorcycles many vehicles in the city operate on LPG.
Communications
GSM/
GPRS mobile phone services in the city are provided by
Afghan Wireless,
Etisalat,
Roshan and
Areeba. In November 2006, the
Afghan Ministry of Communications signed a
US 64.5 million dollar agreement with a company (ZTE Corporation) on the establishment of a countrywide fibre optical cable network. This will improve telephone, internet, television and radio broadcast services not just in Kabul but throughout the country. Internet was introduced in the city in 2002 and has been expanding rapidly.
There are a number of post offices throughout the city. Package delivery services like
FedEx,
DHL and others are also available.
The city has many local radio stations which also have programs in the
English language. Besides foreign channels, the local television channels of Afghanistan include:
Ayna TV
Ariana TV
Khorasan TV
Noor TV
Noorin TV
Tamadun TV
Shamshad TV
Tolo TV
Education
All public schools in Kabul began to re-open in 2002, and ever since then they're improving every year. Many boys and girls are now attending classes. Some of the public schools are Amani High School, Durrani High School, Ghulam Haider Khan High School, Sultan Razia School, etc.
There are also several new universities and private colleges opened in the last few years.
Universities in Kabul
Kabul University
Kabul Polytechnic
American University of Afghanistan
National Military Academy of Afghanistan
University of Afghanistan
Kabul Medical University
International School of Kabul
Tourism and sightseeing
The old part of Kabul is filled with bazaars nestled along its narrow, crooked streets. Cultural sites include the Afghan National Museum, notably displaying an impressive statue of Surya excavated at Khair Khana, the ruined Darul Aman Palace, the Mausoleum of Emperor Babur and Chehlstoon Park, the Minar-i-Istiqlal (Column of Independence) built in 1919 after the Third Afghan War, the mausoleum of Timur Shah Durrani, and the imposing Id Gah Mosque (founded 1893). Bala Hissar is a fort destroyed by the British in 1879, in retaliation for the death of their envoy, now restored as a military college. The Minaret of Chakari, destroyed in 1998, had Buddhist swastika and both Mahayana and Theravada qualities.
Other places of interest include Kabul City Center, which is Kabul's first shopping mall, the shops around Flower Street and Chicken Street, Wazir Akbar Khan district, Babur Gardens, Kabul Golf Club, Kabul Zoo, Shah Do Shamshera and other famous Mosques, the Afghan National Gallery, Afghan National Archive, Afghan Royal Family Mausoleum, the OMAR Mine Museum, Bibi Mahroo Hill, Kabul Cemetery, and Paghman Gardens.
Tappe-i-Maranjan is a nearby hill where Buddhist statues and Graeco-Bactrian coins from the 2nd century BC have been found. Outside the city proper is a citadel and the royal palace. Paghman and Jalalabad are interesting valleys north and east of the city.
Airports
Parks
Mosques
Mausoleums
Museums
Hotels
Reconstruction and developments
As of October 2007, there are approximately 16 licensed banks in Kabul: including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan International Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, Kabul Bank, Azizi Bank, Punjab National Bank, Habib Bank and others. Western Union offices are also found in many locations throughout the city.
A small sized indoor shopping mall (Kabul City Center) with a 4-star (Safi Landmark) hotel on the top six floors opened in 2005. A 5-star Serena Hotel also opened in 2005. Another 5-star Marriott Hotel is under construction. The landmark InterContinental Hotel has also been refurbished and is in operation.
An initial concept design called the City of Light Development, envisioned by Dr. Hisham N. Ashkouri, Principal of ARCADD, Inc. for the development and the implementation of a privately based investment enterprise has been proposed for multi-function commercial, historic and cultural development within the limits of the Old City of Kabul along the Southern side of the Kabul River and along Jade Meywand Avenue, revitalizing some of the most commercial and historic districts in the City of Kabul, which contains numerous historic mosques and shrines as well as viable commercial activities among war damaged buildings. Also incorporated in the design is a new complex for the Afghan National Museum. Dr. Ashkouri has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with His Excellency Ambassador Said Tayeb Jawad in Washington, DC to undertake this project and to develop it for actual implementation over the next 20 to 25 years. Dr. Ashkouri has presented the City of Light Plan to President Karzai and has received a letter of support from the President and the Minister of Urban Development in support of this project’s development.
About from downtown Kabul, in Bagrami, a wide industrial complex has completed with modern facilities, which will allow companies to operate businesses there. The park has professional management for the daily maintenance of public roads, internal streets, common areas, parking areas, 24 hours perimeter security, access control for vehicles and persons. Another phase with additional of land will be added immediately proceeding the first phase.
The city hosts the We Are the Future (WAF) center, a child care center giving children a chance to live their childhoods and develop a sense of hope. The center is managed under the direction of the mayor’s office and the international NGO. Glocal Forum serves as the fundraiser, program planner and coordinator for the WAF center. Launched in 2004, the program is the result of a strategic partnership between the Glocal Forum, the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation and Mr. Hani Masri, with the support of the World Bank, UN agencies and major companies.
A $25 million Coca-Cola bottling plant was opened in 2006. Financing was provided by a Dubai-based Afghan family. President Hamid Karzai formally opened the facility in an attempt to attract more foreign investment in the city.
In late 2007 the government announced that all the residential houses situated on mountains would be removed within a year so that trees and other plants can be grown on the hills. The plan is to try to make the city greener and provide residents with a more suitable place to live, on a flat surface. Once the plan is implemented it'll provide water supply and electricity to each house. All the city roads will also be paved under the plan, which will solve transportation problems.
Gallery
Image:A view from Kabul InterContinental.jpg|View from Kabul InterContinental
Image:Bagh-e-Bala1.jpg|Bagh-e Bala Park
Image:Kabul - Mausoleum of Tamim Ansar.jpg|Mausoleum of Tamim Ansar
Image:Downtown area of Kabul.jpg|Section of downtown area of Kabul
Image:qargha.jpg|Qargha district in kabul
Image:qargha panorama.jpg|Qargha lake
Image:kabul_serena.jpg|Kabul Serena hotel
Image:Darul Aman Place.png|Darul Aman Palace
Further Information
Get more info on 'Kabul'.
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